Andrey Kolmogorov
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Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov ( rus, Андре́й Никола́евич Колмого́ров, p=ɐnˈdrʲej nʲɪkɐˈlajɪvʲɪtɕ kəlmɐˈɡorəf, a=Ru-Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov.ogg, 25 April 1903 – 20 October 1987) was a Soviet
mathematician A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of mathematics in their work, typically to solve mathematical problems. Mathematicians are concerned with numbers, data, quantity, mathematical structure, structure, space, Mathematica ...
who contributed to the mathematics of
probability theory Probability theory is the branch of mathematics concerned with probability. Although there are several different probability interpretations, probability theory treats the concept in a rigorous mathematical manner by expressing it through a set o ...
,
topology In mathematics, topology (from the Greek words , and ) is concerned with the properties of a geometric object that are preserved under continuous deformations, such as stretching, twisting, crumpling, and bending; that is, without closing ho ...
,
intuitionistic logic Intuitionistic logic, sometimes more generally called constructive logic, refers to systems of symbolic logic that differ from the systems used for classical logic by more closely mirroring the notion of constructive proof. In particular, system ...
,
turbulence In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is fluid motion characterized by chaotic changes in pressure and flow velocity. It is in contrast to a laminar flow, which occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with no disruption between ...
,
classical mechanics Classical mechanics is a physical theory describing the motion of macroscopic objects, from projectiles to parts of machinery, and astronomical objects, such as spacecraft, planets, stars, and galaxies. For objects governed by classical ...
,
algorithmic information theory Algorithmic information theory (AIT) is a branch of theoretical computer science that concerns itself with the relationship between computation and information of computably generated objects (as opposed to stochastically generated), such as st ...
and computational complexity.


Biography


Early life

Andrey Kolmogorov was born in Tambov, about 500 kilometers south-southeast of
Moscow Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 million ...
, in 1903. His unmarried mother, Maria Y. Kolmogorova, died giving birth to him. Andrey was raised by two of his aunts in Tunoshna (near Yaroslavl) at the estate of his grandfather, a well-to-do
nobleman Nobility is a social class found in many societies that have an aristocracy. It is normally ranked immediately below royalty. Nobility has often been an estate of the realm with many exclusive functions and characteristics. The characteristi ...
. Little is known about Andrey's father. He was supposedly named Nikolai Matveevich Kataev and had been an agronomist. Kataev had been exiled from St. Petersburg to the Yaroslavl province after his participation in the revolutionary movement against the tsars. He disappeared in 1919 and was presumed to have been killed in the
Russian Civil War {{Infobox military conflict , conflict = Russian Civil War , partof = the Russian Revolution and the aftermath of World War I , image = , caption = Clockwise from top left: {{flatlist, *Soldiers ...
. Andrey Kolmogorov was educated in his aunt Vera's village school, and his earliest literary efforts and mathematical papers were printed in the school journal "The Swallow of Spring". Andrey (at the age of five) was the "editor" of the mathematical section of this journal. Kolmogorov's first mathematical discovery was published in this journal: at the age of five he noticed the regularity in the sum of the series of odd numbers: 1 = 1^2; 1 + 3 = 2^2; 1 + 3 + 5 = 3^2, etc. In 1910, his aunt adopted him, and they moved to Moscow, where he graduated from
high school A secondary school describes an institution that provides secondary education and also usually includes the building where this takes place. Some secondary schools provide both '' lower secondary education'' (ages 11 to 14) and ''upper seconda ...
in 1920. Later that same year, Kolmogorov began to study at
Moscow State University M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU; russian: Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова) is a public research university in Moscow, Russia and the most prestigious ...
and at the same time Mendeleev Moscow Institute of Chemistry and Technology. Kolmogorov writes about this time: "I arrived at Moscow University with a fair knowledge of mathematics. I knew in particular the beginning of
set theory Set theory is the branch of mathematical logic that studies sets, which can be informally described as collections of objects. Although objects of any kind can be collected into a set, set theory, as a branch of mathematics, is mostly concer ...
. I studied many questions in articles in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron, filling out for myself what was presented too concisely in these articles." Kolmogorov gained a reputation for his wide-ranging erudition. While an undergraduate student in college, he attended the seminars of the Russian historian S. V. Bakhrushin, and he published his first research paper on the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries' landholding practices in the
Novgorod Republic The Novgorod Republic was a medieval state that existed from the 12th to 15th centuries, stretching from the Gulf of Finland in the west to the northern Ural Mountains in the east, including the city of Novgorod and the Lake Ladoga regions of ...
. During the same period (1921–22), Kolmogorov worked out and proved several results in
set theory Set theory is the branch of mathematical logic that studies sets, which can be informally described as collections of objects. Although objects of any kind can be collected into a set, set theory, as a branch of mathematics, is mostly concer ...
and in the theory of
Fourier series A Fourier series () is a summation of harmonically related sinusoidal functions, also known as components or harmonics. The result of the summation is a periodic function whose functional form is determined by the choices of cycle length (or '' ...
.


Adulthood

In 1922, Kolmogorov gained international recognition for constructing a
Fourier series A Fourier series () is a summation of harmonically related sinusoidal functions, also known as components or harmonics. The result of the summation is a periodic function whose functional form is determined by the choices of cycle length (or '' ...
that diverges almost everywhere. Around this time, he decided to devote his life to mathematics. In 1925, Kolmogorov graduated from
Moscow State University M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU; russian: Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова) is a public research university in Moscow, Russia and the most prestigious ...
and began to study under the supervision of
Nikolai Luzin Nikolai Nikolaevich Luzin (also spelled Lusin; rus, Никола́й Никола́евич Лу́зин, p=nʲɪkɐˈlaj nʲɪkɐˈlaɪvʲɪtɕ ˈluzʲɪn, a=Ru-Nikilai Nikilayevich Luzin.ogg; 9 December 1883 – 28 January 1950) was a Soviet/R ...
. He formed a lifelong close friendship with Pavel Alexandrov, a fellow student of Luzin; indeed, several researchers have concluded that the two friends were involved in a homosexual relationship, although neither acknowledged this openly during their lifetimes. Kolmogorov (together with Aleksandr Khinchin) became interested in
probability theory Probability theory is the branch of mathematics concerned with probability. Although there are several different probability interpretations, probability theory treats the concept in a rigorous mathematical manner by expressing it through a set o ...
. Also in 1925, he published his work in
intuitionistic logic Intuitionistic logic, sometimes more generally called constructive logic, refers to systems of symbolic logic that differ from the systems used for classical logic by more closely mirroring the notion of constructive proof. In particular, system ...
, "On the principle of the excluded middle", in which he proved that under a certain interpretation, all statements of classical formal logic can be formulated as those of intuitionistic logic. In 1929, Kolmogorov earned his
Doctor of Philosophy A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, Ph.D., or DPhil; Latin: or ') is the most common degree at the highest academic level awarded following a course of study. PhDs are awarded for programs across the whole breadth of academic fields. Because it is ...
(Ph.D.) degree, from Moscow State University. In 1930, Kolmogorov went on his first long trip abroad, traveling to Göttingen and
Munich Munich ( ; german: München ; bar, Minga ) is the capital and most populous city of the German state of Bavaria. With a population of 1,558,395 inhabitants as of 31 July 2020, it is the third-largest city in Germany, after Berlin and Ha ...
, and then to
Paris Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. ...
. He had various scientific contacts in Göttingen, first with Richard Courant and his students working on limit theorems, where diffusion processes turned out to be the limits of discrete random processes, then with Hermann Weyl in intuitionistic logic, and lastly with
Edmund Landau Edmund Georg Hermann Landau (14 February 1877 – 19 February 1938) was a German mathematician who worked in the fields of number theory and complex analysis. Biography Edmund Landau was born to a Jewish family in Berlin. His father was Leopo ...
in function theory. His pioneering work, ''About the Analytical Methods of Probability Theory,'' was published (in German) in 1931. Also in 1931, he became a professor at
Moscow State University M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU; russian: Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова) is a public research university in Moscow, Russia and the most prestigious ...
. In 1933, Kolmogorov published his book, ''Foundations of the Theory of Probability'', laying the modern axiomatic foundations of probability theory and establishing his reputation as the world's leading expert in this field. In 1935, Kolmogorov became the first chairman of the department of probability theory at Moscow State University. Around the same years (1936) Kolmogorov contributed to the field of ecology and generalized the Lotka–Volterra model of
predator–prey Predation is a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey. It is one of a family of common feeding behaviours that includes parasitism and micropredation (which usually do not kill th ...
systems. During the
Great Purge The Great Purge or the Great Terror (russian: Большой террор), also known as the Year of '37 (russian: 37-й год, translit=Tridtsat sedmoi god, label=none) and the Yezhovshchina ('period of Yezhov'), was Soviet General Secreta ...
in 1936, Kolmogorov's doctoral advisor
Nikolai Luzin Nikolai Nikolaevich Luzin (also spelled Lusin; rus, Никола́й Никола́евич Лу́зин, p=nʲɪkɐˈlaj nʲɪkɐˈlaɪvʲɪtɕ ˈluzʲɪn, a=Ru-Nikilai Nikilayevich Luzin.ogg; 9 December 1883 – 28 January 1950) was a Soviet/R ...
became a high-profile target of Stalin's regime, in what is now called the "Luzin Affair". Kolmogorov and several other students of Luzin testified against Luzin, accusing him of plagiarism, nepotism, and other forms of misconduct; the hearings eventually concluded that he was a servant to "fascistoid science" and thus an enemy of the Soviet people. Luzin lost his academic positions, but curiously, he was not arrested nor expelled from the
Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union The Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union was the highest scientific institution of the Soviet Union from 1925 to 1991, uniting the country's leading scientists, subordinated directly to the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (until 1946 ...
. The question of whether Kolmogorov and others were coerced into testifying against their teacher remains a topic of considerable speculation among historians; all parties involved refused to publicly discuss the case for the rest of their lives. Soviet-Russian mathematician
Semën Samsonovich Kutateladze Semën Samsonovich Kutateladze (born October 2, 1945 in Leningrad, now St. Petersburg) is a mathematician. He is known for contributions to functional analysis and its applications to vector lattices and optimization. In particular, he has made ...
concluded in 2013, after reviewing archival documents made available during the 1990s and other surviving testimonies, that the students of Luzin had initiated the accusations against Luzin out of personal acrimony; there was no evidence that the students were coerced by the state, nor was there any evidence to support their allegations of academic misconduct. Soviet historian of mathematics A.P. Yushkevich surmised that, unlike many of the other high-profile persecutions of the era, Stalin did not personally initiate the persecution of Luzin, and eventually concluded that he was not a threat to the regime, which would explain the unusually mild punishment relative to other contemporaries. In a 1938 paper, Kolmogorov "established the basic theorems for smoothing and predicting stationary stochastic processes"—a paper that had major military applications during the Cold War. In 1939, he was elected a full member (academician) of the USSR Academy of Sciences. During
World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ...
Kolmogorov contributed to the Russian war effort by applying statistical theory to artillery fire, developing a scheme of stochastic distribution of barrage balloons intended to help protect Moscow from German bombers. In his study of stochastic processes, especially Markov processes, Kolmogorov and the British
mathematician A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of mathematics in their work, typically to solve mathematical problems. Mathematicians are concerned with numbers, data, quantity, mathematical structure, structure, space, Mathematica ...
Sydney Chapman Sydney Chapman may refer to: *Sir Sydney Chapman (economist) (1871–1951), British economist and civil servant * Sydney Chapman (mathematician) (1888–1970), FRS, British mathematician *Sir Sydney Chapman (politician) Sir Sydney Brookes Chapma ...
independently developed the pivotal set of equations in the field, which have been given the name of the
Chapman–Kolmogorov equation In mathematics, specifically in the theory of Markovian stochastic processes in probability theory, the Chapman–Kolmogorov equation(CKE) is an identity relating the joint probability distributions of different sets of coordinates on a stochastic p ...
s. Later, Kolmogorov focused his research on
turbulence In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is fluid motion characterized by chaotic changes in pressure and flow velocity. It is in contrast to a laminar flow, which occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with no disruption between ...
, where his publications (beginning in 1941) influenced the field. In
classical mechanics Classical mechanics is a physical theory describing the motion of macroscopic objects, from projectiles to parts of machinery, and astronomical objects, such as spacecraft, planets, stars, and galaxies. For objects governed by classical ...
, he is best known for the Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser theorem, first presented in 1954 at the International Congress of Mathematicians. In 1957, working jointly with his student Vladimir Arnold, he solved a particular interpretation of Hilbert's thirteenth problem. Around this time he also began to develop, and was considered a founder of, algorithmic complexity theory – often referred to as Kolmogorov complexity theory. Kolmogorov married Anna Dmitrievna Egorova in 1942. He pursued a vigorous teaching routine throughout his life, not only at the university level but also with younger children, as he was actively involved in developing a
pedagogy Pedagogy (), most commonly understood as the approach to teaching, is the theory and practice of learning, and how this process influences, and is influenced by, the social, political and psychological development of learners. Pedagogy, taken ...
for gifted children (in literature, music, and mathematics). At Moscow State University, Kolmogorov occupied different positions, including the heads of several departments:
probability Probability is the branch of mathematics concerning numerical descriptions of how likely an Event (probability theory), event is to occur, or how likely it is that a proposition is true. The probability of an event is a number between 0 and ...
, statistics, and random processes;
mathematical logic Mathematical logic is the study of formal logic within mathematics. Major subareas include model theory, proof theory, set theory, and recursion theory. Research in mathematical logic commonly addresses the mathematical properties of formal ...
. He also served as the Dean of the Moscow State University Department of Mechanics and Mathematics. In 1971, Kolmogorov joined an oceanographic expedition aboard the research vessel ''
Dmitri Mendeleev Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (sometimes transliterated as Mendeleyev or Mendeleef) ( ; russian: links=no, Дмитрий Иванович Менделеев, tr. , ; 8 February O.S. 27 January">Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="no ...
''. He wrote a number of articles for the ''
Great Soviet Encyclopedia The ''Great Soviet Encyclopedia'' (GSE; ) is one of the largest Russian-language encyclopedias, published in the Soviet Union from 1926 to 1990. After 2002, the encyclopedia's data was partially included into the later ''Bolshaya rossiyskaya e ...
.'' In his later years, he devoted much of his effort to the mathematical and philosophical relationship between
probability theory Probability theory is the branch of mathematics concerned with probability. Although there are several different probability interpretations, probability theory treats the concept in a rigorous mathematical manner by expressing it through a set o ...
in abstract and applied areas. Kolmogorov died in Moscow in 1987, and his remains were buried in the Novodevichy cemetery. A quotation attributed to Kolmogorov is ranslated into English "Every mathematician believes that he is ahead of the others. The reason none state this belief in public is because they are intelligent people." Vladimir Arnold once said: "Kolmogorov –
Poincaré Poincaré is a French surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Henri Poincaré (1854–1912), French physicist, mathematician and philosopher of science * Henriette Poincaré (1858-1943), wife of Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré * Luci ...
Gauss Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (; german: Gauß ; la, Carolus Fridericus Gauss; 30 April 177723 February 1855) was a German mathematician and physicist who made significant contributions to many fields in mathematics and science. Sometimes refer ...
EulerNewton, are only five lives separating us from the source of our science".


Awards and honours

Kolmogorov received numerous awards and honours both during and after his lifetime: * Member of the
Russian Academy of Sciences The Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS; russian: Росси́йская акаде́мия нау́к (РАН) ''Rossíyskaya akadémiya naúk'') consists of the national academy of Russia; a network of scientific research institutes from across t ...
* Awarded the Stalin Prize in 1941 * Elected an Honorary Member of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences The American Academy of Arts and Sciences (abbreviation: AAA&S) is one of the oldest learned societies in the United States. It was founded in 1780 during the American Revolution by John Adams, John Hancock, James Bowdoin, Andrew Oliver, ...
in 1959 * Elected member of the
American Philosophical Society The American Philosophical Society (APS), founded in 1743 in Philadelphia, is a scholarly organization that promotes knowledge in the sciences and humanities through research, professional meetings, publications, library resources, and communi ...
in 1961 * Award the Balzan Prize in 1962 * Elected a Foreign Member of the
Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences ( nl, Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, abbreviated: KNAW) is an organization dedicated to the advancement of science and literature in the Netherlands. The academy is housed ...
in 1963 * Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1964. * Awarded the Lenin Prize in 1965 * Elected member of the United States
National Academy of Sciences The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is a United States nonprofit, non-governmental organization. NAS is part of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, along with the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) and the Nat ...
in 1967 * Awarded the Wolf Prize in 1980 * Awarded the Lobachevsky Prize in 1986 The following are named in Kolmogorov's honour: * Fisher–Kolmogorov equation * Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov equation * Kolmogorov axioms * Kolmogorov equations (also known as the Fokker–Planck equations in the context of diffusion and in the forward case) * Kolmogorov dimension (
upper box dimension Upper may refer to: * Shoe upper or ''vamp'', the part of a shoe on the top of the foot * Stimulant, drugs which induce temporary improvements in either mental or physical function or both * ''Upper'', the original film title for the 2013 found fo ...
) * Kolmogorov–Arnold theorem * Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser theorem * Kolmogorov continuity theorem * Kolmogorov's criterion * Kolmogorov extension theorem *
Kolmogorov's three-series theorem In probability theory, Kolmogorov's Three-Series Theorem, named after Andrey Kolmogorov, gives a criterion for the almost sure convergence of an infinite series of random variables in terms of the convergence of three different series involving prop ...
* Convergence of Fourier series * Gnedenko-Kolmogorov central limit theorem * Quasi-arithmetic mean (it is also called Kolmogorov mean) *
Kolmogorov homology In algebraic topology, Steenrod homology is a homology theory for compact metric spaces introduced by , based on regular cycles. It is similar to the homology theory introduced rather sketchily by Andrey Kolmogorov Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov ...
* Kolmogorov's inequality * Landau–Kolmogorov inequality *
Kolmogorov integral In mathematics Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in mode ...
* Brouwer–Heyting–Kolmogorov interpretation * Kolmogorov microscales * Kolmogorov's normability criterion * Fréchet–Kolmogorov theorem * Kolmogorov space * Kolmogorov complexity *
Kolmogorov–Smirnov test In statistics, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test (K–S test or KS test) is a nonparametric test of the equality of continuous (or discontinuous, see Section 2.2), one-dimensional probability distributions that can be used to compare a sample wi ...
* Wiener filter (also known as Wiener–Kolmogorov filtering theory) * Wiener–Kolmogorov prediction * Kolmogorov automorphism * Kolmogorov's characterization of reversible diffusions * Borel–Kolmogorov paradox *
Chapman–Kolmogorov equation In mathematics, specifically in the theory of Markovian stochastic processes in probability theory, the Chapman–Kolmogorov equation(CKE) is an identity relating the joint probability distributions of different sets of coordinates on a stochastic p ...
* Hahn–Kolmogorov theorem * Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov equation * Kolmogorov–Sinai entropy *
Astronomical seeing In astronomy, seeing is the degradation of the image of an astronomical object due to turbulence in the atmosphere of Earth that may become visible as blurring, twinkling or variable distortion. The origin of this effect are rapidly changing ...
described by Kolmogorov's turbulence law *
Kolmogorov structure function In 1973, Andrey Kolmogorov proposed a non-probabilistic approach to statistics and model selection. Let each datum be a finite binary string and a model be a finite set of binary strings. Consider model classes consisting of models of given maximal ...
* Kolmogorov–Uspenskii machine model * Kolmogorov's zero–one law * Kolmogorov–Zurbenko filter *
Kolmogorov's two-series theorem In probability theory, Kolmogorov's two-series theorem is a result about the convergence of random series. It follows from Kolmogorov's inequality and is used in one proof of the strong law of large numbers. Statement of the theorem Let \left( ...
* Rao–Blackwell–Kolmogorov theorem * Khinchin–Kolmogorov theorem * Kolmogorov's Strong
Law of Large Numbers In probability theory, the law of large numbers (LLN) is a theorem that describes the result of performing the same experiment a large number of times. According to the law, the average of the results obtained from a large number of trials sho ...


Bibliography

A bibliography of his works appeared in * ** Translation: * 1991–93. ''Selected works of A.N. Kolmogorov'', 3 vols. Tikhomirov, V. M., ed., Volosov, V. M., trans.
Dordrecht Dordrecht (), historically known in English as Dordt (still colloquially used in Dutch, ) or Dort, is a city and municipality in the Western Netherlands, located in the province of South Holland. It is the province's fifth-largest city after R ...
: Kluwer Academic Publishers. * 1925. "On the principle of the excluded middle" in Jean van Heijenoort, 1967. ''A Source Book in Mathematical Logic, 1879–1931''. Harvard Univ. Press: 414–37. * * * Kolmogorov, Andrei N. (2005) ''Selected works''. In 6 volumes. Moscow (in Russian) Textbooks: * A. N. Kolmogorov and B. V. Gnedenko. ''"Limit distributions for sums of independent random variables"'', 1954. * A. N. Kolmogorov and
S. V. Fomin Sergei Vasilyevich Fomin (russian: Серге́й Васи́льевич Фоми́н; 9 December 1917 – 17 August 1975) was a Soviet mathematician who was co-author with Andrey Kolmogorov of ''Introductory real analysis'', and co-author wi ...
. ''"Elements of the Theory of Functions and Functional Analysis"''
Publication 1999Publication 2012
Kolmogorov, Andrey Nikolaevich; Fomin, Sergei Vasilyevich (1975) 970 Introductory real analysis. New York: Dover Publications. ..


References


External links


Portal dedicated to AN Kolmogorov
(his scientific and popular publications, articles about him).
The Legacy of Andrei Nikolaevich Kolmogorov

Biography at Scholar''pedia''


* ttp://www.probabilityandfinance.com/articles/04.pdf The origins and legacy of Kolmogorov's Grundbegriffe
Vitanyi, P.M.B., Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov. Scholarpedia, 2(2):2798; 2007

Collection of links to Kolmogorov resources

Interview with Professor A. M. Yaglom about Kolmogorov, Gelfand and other (1988, Ithaca, New York

Kolmogorov School
at Moscow University

at the Computer Learning Research Centre at Royal Holloway, University of London
Lorentz G. G., Mathematics and Politics in the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953


* ttp://www.math.nsc.ru/LBRT/g2/english/ssk/case_e.html Kutateladze S. S., The Tragedy of Mathematics in Russia
Video recording of the G. Falkovich's lecture: "Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov (1903–1987) and the Russian school"
* {{DEFAULTSORT:Kolmogorov, Andrey 1903 births 1987 deaths People from Tambov People from Tambovsky Uyezd Soviet mathematicians Fluid dynamicists 20th-century Russian mathematicians Russian statisticians Control theorists Textbook writers Dynamical systems theorists Probability theorists Russian information theorists Moscow State University alumni Moscow State University faculty Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences Members of the French Academy of Sciences Wolf Prize in Mathematics laureates Foreign Members of the Royal Society Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Academicians of the USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin Stalin Prize winners Lenin Prize winners Heroes of Socialist Labour Recipients of the Order of Lenin Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour Measure theorists Members of the American Philosophical Society